Autism And The National Autism - 1994 Words

Autism has become an increasingly important public health concern as the number of yearly diagnoses of the disorder has increased since the late 20th century. The National Institute of Health estimates that 1 in 88 children in the United States are classified as having an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (NINDS, 2009), a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs children s ability to learn and causes issues with social interaction and communication. Symptoms of ASD include delays in speech and language, issues with social interaction, and unusual behaviors/routines. Currently, efforts are being made by foundations, such as Autism Speaks and the National Autism Association not only to bring awareness of seriousness of the disorder, but also to establish ways towards the cause and a cure for autism. In 1997, Congress requested the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Autism Coordinating Committee (ACC) to â€Å"enhance the quality, pace and coordination of efforts at the NIH to find a cure for autism† (NINDS, 2009 p.18). ASD is too extensive of a disorder to find a single cure for it; these â€Å"cures† would require millions of dollars in further research and testing, just like any other medication or treatment. While there have been autistic geniuses in the past, not all with ASD should be hailed as such; instead of trying to justify or cure the disorder, more people should be willing to accept it. Historically, autistic persons have proven themselves to be geniuses.Show MoreRelatedAutism Is A Matter Of Passionate National Debate1197 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction: †¢ In the past two decades or so, autism has changed from being a condition nobody had even heard about to widely recognized mental health condition. Due to widespread use of internet, social media and smartphones everybody knows something about autism. Just searching for autism in Google brings up more than 68 million results. Autism has become a matter of passionate national debate among different stake holders such as government, public health agencies, mental health associationsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder728 Words   |  3 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a combination of abnormalities in language, social cognition and interaction, and mental flexibility. ASD is not a single disorder, but rather a neurodevelopmental syndrome. (Autism Speaks) Research shows that a combination of genetic and environmental factors leads to the abnormal brain development that underlies autism. The concordance rate for monozygotic twins is much higher than for dizygotic twins, roughly 2:1, indicating that there are bothRead MoreIt has been determined that an estimated 1 out of 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with700 Words   |  3 PagesIt has been determined that an estimated 1 out of 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in just the United States itself. Autism has many different effects to the human body. In most cases it severely affects their social life as well. Autism doesn’t only affect a person’s body and their social life it also affects much more. For example it also affects a person’s ability to communicate with others. Having communication problems can make it harder for them to speak their feelingsRead MoreAutism : A Type Of Autism913 Words   |  4 Pageschildren will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid-1990’s (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is treatment for all types of autism and are available but none are knownRead MoreAnalysis of Pervasive Developmental Disorders1076 Words   |  5 Pagesparents. Children with the autism struggle to communicate and interact th eir entire lives. Autism, an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex development disability which presents itself during the first three years of a person’s life. ASD is a category that includes 5 different disorders: autistic disorder, pervasive development disorder, Retts Syndrome, child disintegrative disorder, and Asperger syndrome (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NINDS). Autism is caused by a neurologicalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1280 Words   |  6 PagesComposition 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder â€Å"Autism is a neurological disorder. It s not caused by bad parenting. It s caused by an abnormal development in the brain. The emotional circuits in the brain are abnormal. And there also are differences in the white matter, which is the brain s computer cables that hook up the different brain departments† â€Å"Temple Grandi†BrainyQuote.com. Xplore Inc, 2015. 30 April 2015. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/t/templegran451380.html. Autism Spectrum DisorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreServices For Adults With An Autism Spectrum Disorder978 Words   |  4 Pagesread and analyzed the following texts: 1. Services for Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder by Paul T. Shattuck, Anne M roux, Laura E Hudson, Julie Lounds Taylor, Matthew J Maenner, Jean-Francois Trani Published October 2011 2. National Autism Indicators Report by Anne M. Roux, MPH, MA; Paul T. Shattuck, PhD, MSSW; Jessica E. Rast, MPH; Julianna A. Rava, BA; Kristy A. Anderson, MSW. Published 2015. 3. Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum Face Tough Prospects for Jobs and Independent Living by RachelRead MoreEssay about The Etiology of Autism1313 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequentlyRead MoreIntroduction. Managing Autism Can Be A Challenge To Cope1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Managing autism can be a challenge to cope with in any family with-out understanding ASD. In the article, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Catherine Lord explains autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, as a neurodevelopmental syndrome that is defined by deficits in social reciprocity and communication, and by unusual restricted, repetitive disorder (2000. P355). Parenting a child on the autism spectrum is difficult for any parent who is uneducated about the specific disorder their child is faced

Twelve Angry Men presents the pessimistic view that all...

Twelve Angry Men presents the pessimistic view that all humans are flawed. Pessimistic- cynical, distrustful, negative, doubtful, suspicious, unenthusiastic Flawed- imperfections, weak, faulty, unlawful, inaccurate, fallacious, unfair Notes Weaknesses of the Jurors Foreman goes with the majority vote rather than independently forming his own judgement Juror 10 stereotypes all immigrants. Offensive remarks eventually lead to the other jurors turning their backs on him and he finally reflects enough to change Juror 3‘s relationship with his estranged son conflicts with the case and how he is intolerant to young kids (ageism) he also believes that a common way of handling conflict in his family has always been with physical†¦show more content†¦Juror 3 an emotionally distraught man who has not been in touch with his estranged son votes guilty based on biases to young children who have lack respect to their elders this is shown when he points out to Juror 2 â€Å"I’d think we’d be better off if we took these tough kids and slapped ‘em down before they make trouble† this enrage provokes a sense of dislike in the audience to Juror 3 as he believes that violence is the key to problem-solving. In relation to both jurors there is always seems to be tension amongst them when Juror 8 constantly reveals Juror 3’s weaknesses that is delaying them from reaching a final verdict. Rose uses these two jurors to shows how there is always one juror who will always bring out people’s imperfections. The act of being untruthful in a society may arise when most people present false statements. Although Juror 8 has convinced nine other jurors to see reasonable doubt they further discuss a witness in her forties â€Å"making a tremendous effort to look thirty-five for her first public appearance† and states that she lived in the opposite apartment from the accused and his father. Juror 9 who points out that â€Å"the woman who testified that she saw the killing had these same deep marks on the side of her nose† indicating that she wears eyeglasses and the statement in her testimony was inaccurate. This alters the three other jurors verdict of voting guilty as one witnesses testimony could of madeShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appr opriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesHughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrievalRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesSTUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesby Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesState University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limitedRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesCorporation/Kendallville Compositor: Newgen–India Printer: Courier Corporation/Kendallville  © 2008, 2005 Duxbury, an imprint of Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval

Data Compression Essay Example For Students

Data Compression Essay subject = Information Theorytitle = Data CompressionData Compression-inbeginners terms?Data Compression just sounds complicated. Dont beafraid, compression is our good friend for many reasons. It saves hard drivespace. It makes data files to handle. It also cuts those immense file downloadtimes from the Internet. Wouldnt it be nice if we could compress all filesdown to just a few bytes?There is a limit to how much you can compressa file. How random the file is, is the determining factor to how far it canbe compressed. If the file is completely random and no pattern can be found,then the shortest representation of the file is the file it self. The actualproof that proves this is at the end of my paper. The key to compressing afile is to find some sort of exploitable pattern. Most of this paper willbe explaining those patterns that are commonly used. Null suppression isthe most primitive form of data compression that I could find. Basically,it says that if you have different fields that data is in (possibly a spreadsheet), and any of them have only zeros in them, then the program just eliminatesthe data and goes straight from the empty data set to the next. Only onestep up from null suppression is Run Length Encoding. Run length encodingsimply tells you how many of what you have in a row. It would change a setof binary data like {0011100001} into what the computer reads as (2)zeros,(3)ones, (4)zeros, 1. As you can see, it works on the same basic idea of findinga series of 0s (null suppression) and 1s in this case too and abbreviatingthem. Once the whole idea of data compression caught on, more people startedworking on programs for it. From these people we got some new premises towork with. Substitutional encoding is a big one. It was invented jointlyby two people: Abraham Lempel and Jakob Ziv. Most compression algorithms (bigword meaning roughly ?program) using substitutional encoding start with ?LZfor Lempel-Ziv. LZ-77 is a really neat compression in which the programstarts off just copying the source file over to the new target file, but whenit recognizes a phrase of data that it has previously written, it replacesthe second set of data in the target file with directions on how to get tothe first occurrence of it and copy it in the directions place. This is morecommonly called a sliding-window compression because the focus of the programis always sliding all around the file. LZ-78 is the compression that mostpeople have in their homes. Some of the more common ones are ZIP, LHA, ARJ,ZOO, and GZIP. The main idea behind LZ-78 is a ?dictionary. Yet it worksquite a bit like the LZ-77. For every phrase it comes across, it indexes thestring by a number and writes it in a ?dictionary. When the program comesacross the same string, it uses the associated number in the ?dictionary insteadof the string. The ?dictionary is then written along side the compressedfile to be used in decoding. There is a combined version of LZ-77 anLZ-78. It is called LZFG. It only writes to the dictionary when it findsthe repeated phrase, not on every phrase. Then instead of LZFG replacing thesecond set of data with directions on how to get to the first occurrence ofit, the program puts in the number reference for the dictionarys translation. Not only is it faster, but it compresses better because of the fact that itdoesnt have as big of a dictionary attached. .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .postImageUrl , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:hover , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:visited , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:active { border:0!important; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:active , .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603 .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u653a13bfb98b37c7dc1e9eb906c53603:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Diversity In Agriculture EssayStatistical encoding is anotherone of the new compression concepts. It is an offshoot of the LZ family ofcompressors; It uses basically the same style as LZFG, but instead of assigningthe numbers in order that the strings come out of the source file, statisticalcompressors do some research. It calculates the number of times each stringis used and then ranks the string with the most number of uses at the top ofthe hash table. The string with the least is ranked at the bottom. (A hashtable is where the rank is figured) The higher up a string is on this list,the smaller of a reference number it gets to minimize the total bit usage. This gives this compression just a slight edge on the others, but every littlebit helps. (ha ha -bit- )Beware! There are a few compression programsout there that claim wonderful compression ratios; ratios that beat the compressionlimit for that files randomness. These programs arent really compressionprograms. They are OWS and WIC. Never compress anything with these. Whatthey do is split up the file that you desired to compress and hide most ofit on another part of your hard drive. OWS puts it in a specific spot on thephysical hard drive disk. WIC puts the extra information in a hidden filecalled winfile.dll. The real problems with these programs are that if youdont have the winfile.dll or the information on the certain spot on your drive,then the program wont put your file back together. My original intentwith this project was to invent a new compression algorithm. I started withthe idea that if you took the file in its pure binary form and laid it outin a matrix, there were certain rows and columns that you could add up to getan output that would be able to recreate the original matrix. I was closetoo. I had four different outputs that actually would be what would make upthe compressed file that combined together to create one output for each bit. From this single output I could determine if the bit was 1 or 0. It workedperfectly for matrixes of 11, 22, and 33. Except that with this small ofa matrix, I wasnt compressing it at all. It was more of a coding system thattook up more space than did the original file. I even found a way to shrinkthe size of the four outputs but it was not enough to even break even on bitcount. When I got to the 44s I found an overlap. An overlap is a term Imade up for this algorithm. It means that I got the same single output fora 1 as I did a 0. When that happens, I cant figure out which it is: a 1or 0. When you cant recreate the original file, data compression has failed. It becomes lossy. I needed a fifth original output. If you want more informationon how I thought the algorithm would have worked, please refer to my InventorsLog that I included. Its way too much to re-type here and it would serveno real purpose in this paper. If you were paying attention earlier, youwould be saying, ?Why dont you find a pattern? Otherwise you cant compressit. You are treating it like a random file.? I didnt find out that it wasimpossible to compress random data until about the time my algorithm was failing. Becauseof my setbacks I started looking for an entirely new way to compress data,using a pattern of some sort. I got to thinking about all of the existingalgorithms. I wanted to combine a hash table, statistical coder, and a runlength coder. The only hard part that I would see in that would be tryingto get the patent holders of each of those algorithms to allow me to combinethem and actually modify them slightly. .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .postImageUrl , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:hover , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:visited , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:active { border:0!important; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:active , .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7 .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e84900216c659a8b350f624c6667fc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Global Climate Change EssayIn its current algorithm, the statisticalcoder only accepts alpha-numeric phrases. I would like to modify it to notread the characters that the binary code spells out, but the binary code itself. I dont know what form the output is aside from compressed, but formy purposes it wouldnt matter what the form the output is. I would programinto the program all of the 32 combinations of 5 bits (2^5). Each of the combinationswould be labeled in the program 1 through 32. I would then make a hash tableof all of the 5 bit combinations. This would give me an output which I wouldrun through a run length coder. Since the entire algorithm is reliant on binaryco de and not on characters, it can be recursable, or it can compress furtheran already compressed file. LZs cant do that because once they convert astring into its dictionary/sliding window form, it ceases to be one of thecharacters that it compresses. Now that you are aquatinted with our friend,Data Compression, I hope he will be able to serve you better. Now you candownload programs faster, save space, and who knows? Maybe you will inventthe next new compression algorithm. Until then, keep your mice happy and yourmonitors warm. Proof that random data is not compressible:Lets supposethe file to be compressed is 8 bits long (x works, but this is easier) andis randomThere are exactly 2^8 different possible 8 bit data strings. (2^x)Tocompress the file it must shrink it by at least one bit (2^x)-1So there areat most 2^7 different compressed files 2^(x-1)Thus at least two source filescompress down to the same file. Therefore The compression cannot be lossless. BibliographyAronson, Jules Data Compression- a comparison of MethodsWashington D.C.: Institute for Computer Science and Technologyhttp://simr02.si.ehu.es/DOCS/mice/compression-faq/part1/faq-doc-x.htmlx=Intro,8,9, and 10http://www.epl.co.uk/genit18.htmhttp://www.sees.bangor.ac.uk/~gerry/sp_summary.htmlhttp://Literacy.com//mkp/pages/3468/index.html